Multistep Synthesis Essay - 670 Words

Results: Limiting Reactant: Eq 1 Limiting reactant = Benzoin Theoretical yield of Benzil: Eq 2 Theoretical Yield Benzil | 0.296 g | Mass of Crude Benzil | 0.188 g | Mass of Final Benzil | 0.127 g | % Yield | 43% | % Recovery | 66% | Table 1: Mass of crude/final Benzil, % yield, and % recovery Percent Yield: % Yield = (Final product/Theoretical product) x 100 Eq 3 = (0.127 g/0.296 g) x 100 = 43% yield Percent Recovery % Recovery = (Final product/Crude product) x 100 Eq 4 = (0.127 g/0.188 g) x 100 = 66% recovery Theoretical Yield Benzilic Acid: Eq 5 Theoretical Yield Benzilic Acid | 0.109 g | Final Benzilic Acid | 0.060g |†¦show more content†¦The percent yield, calculated using the theoretical and final amount of benzil, was 43% (see Eq 3). The percent recovery, calculated using the crude and final amount of benzil, was 66% (Eq 4). The melting points of crude and final benzil were 82.5 – 85.6C and 94.2C respectively (Table 3). The literature value for pure benzil is 95C and the final crystallized benzil temperature value is very close to the literature value. This testifies the purity of the experimental benzil. The melting point value of the crude was much lower and the range was much wider due to the impurities. For further conformation of the purity of experimental benzil, the infrared spectroscopy was observed. . The following functional groups were determined on the infrared spectroscopy according to their corresponding wavenumbers: aromatic, sp2 C-H bonds, and C=O/carbonyl group (Table 4). Benzil incorporates all of the above functional groups. The melting and infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the final product created was Benzil. In the following reaction, benzil was rearranged to from benzilic acid by reacting it with potassium hydroxide in ethanol. 0.100 benzil was utilized and the theoretical yield of benzilic acid was 0.109 grams (see Eq 5). The final yield and weight of benzilic acid was 0.60 grams. The final yield and theoretical yield were used to calculate the percent yield, 55% (similar to Eq 3). The melting point of benzilic acid was 148.3C and the literature value forShow MoreRelatedMultistep Synthesis Chemistry Experiment1756 Words   |  8 PagesMultistep Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone In this laboratory experiment a synthesis was performed through several separate steps. The purpose of the experiment was to synthesize tetraphenylcyclopentadienone from benzaldehyde and to run reactions on carbonyl containing compounds. There was a total of three steps that led up to the synthesis of the final product, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the experiment was the condensation of benzaldehyde to yieldRead MoreMultistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2109 Words   |  9 PagesMulti-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. The yields were not ideal: .081g of benzil-Read MoreEssay on Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2070 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: The objective of the experiment was to prepare Benzilic acid by multistep synthesis starting with benzaldehyde. In this setup however, product of the first step, Benzoin, is provided thereby omitting the first step involving the conversion of benzaldehyde. For this experiment, the microscale techniques of reflux, crystallization, and melting-point determination were used. Utilizing these techniques a product yield of 93% for benzil and 57% for Benzilic acid was obtained, as well asRead MoreEssay about Synthesis of Benzilic Acid1107 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of benzilic acid from benzoin utilizing a multi-step reaction. Names: Arian Karim TA Name: Sayantan Das Lab Day amp; Time: Thursday 7:30-11:40 Lab Section #: Abstract The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize benzilic acid from benzoin. This requires a multistep synthesis with benzyl as an intermediate product. The first step required HNO3 as an oxidizing agent and the second step required KOH and HCl. The percentage yields of benzil and benzilic acid were 59.5%Read MoreTernary Nannocomposites : An Analysis Of Ag-Cu2o / Rgo1259 Words   |  6 Pagestreatment. Besides mild reducing capability to GO, glucose also induces the functionalization of rGO sheets, preventing the aggregation of the reduced sheets and providing a site for the stabilization of Cu2O. Further, the reaction time for the synthesis of Ag-Cu2O/rGO NCs was significantly controlled by varying the concentration of Benedict’s and glucose solution. The photocatalytic efficiency of the resulting ternary Ag-Cu2O/rGO NCs was investigated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) underRead MoreThe Invention Of Phase Contrast Microscopy By The Nobel Prize Winner Frits Zern ike1450 Words   |  6 Pagessize of the cells interfere with the size of nucleolus.2 After the 1960 numerous discovers made a huge impact in the modern science, one of these is the study on the rRNA which lead to the conclusion that the nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and nascent ribosome assembly.1 In the early 70s it was observed that the ribonu-cleoprotein precursors to ribosomes contain two classes of protein. 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The EDP is the hallmark multistep process that captures the essence of what engineers do in the real world, much like the scientific method captures the essence of what scientists â€Å"do† in the real world. Depending upon the source, the EDP can be noted anywhere from a 6 step process to a 12 step process that can either be represented in a cyclical or linear fashion. For the purposes of selecting a consistent

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be

The first Impressionist exhibition took place from April 15–May 15, 1874. It was led by French artists Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot. At the time, they called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc., but that would soon change. At 35 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, the former studio of photographer Nadar, 30 artists displayed more than 200 works. The building was modern and the paintings were modern—pictures of contemporary life painted in a technique that looked unfinished to both art critics and the general public. The works of art could be purchased during the duration of the show. In one sense, the exhibition was a bit of a bust. Art critics did not take the show seriously, as they were not interested in the new ideas being put forward. Meanwhile, though it was well-attended by the public, much of the audience was made up of people ready to insult and make fun of the work. In fact, the exhibition closed with each artist having to pay a share for the losses incurred. The group was forced to temporarily disband until their next exhibition two years later. There was a bright spot in this showing, however. Louis Leroy, a critic for Le Charivari, called his nasty, satirical review of the event Exhibition of Impressionists, which was inspired by Claude Monets painting Impression: Sunrise (1873). Leroy meant to discredit their work; instead, he invented their identity. Still, the group did not call themselves Impressionists until 1877 during their third show (Degas never approved of the name at all). Other suggestions included Independents, Naturalists, and Intransigents (which implied political activism), but it was Leroys failed insult that won out. Participants in the First Impressionist Exhibition Zacharie AstrucAntoine-Ferdinand AttenduÉdouard Bà ©liardEugà ¨ne BoudinFà ©lix BraquemondÉdouard BrandonPierre-Isidore BureauAdolphe-Fà ©lix CalsPaul Cà ©zanneGustave ColinLouis DebrasEdgar DegasJean-Baptiste Armand GuillauminLouis LaToucheLudovic-Napolà ©on LepicStanislas LepineJean-Baptiste-Là ©opold LevertAlfred MeyerAuguste De MolinsClaude MonetMademoiselle Berthe MorisotMulot-DurivageJoseph DeNittisAuguste-Louis-Marie OttinLà ©on-Auguste OttinCamille PissarroPierre-Auguste RenoirStanislas-Henri RouartLà ©opold RobertAlfred Sisley

The Elemental Exploration Of A Salt And Salt Solution, And...

Project A: The elemental exploration of the behavior of iron in physiological conditions, the acquisition of solid copper from a salt and salt solution, and the synthesis and crystallization of aluminum. Introduction: Iron is an essential element in the human body. It can be found in the hemoglobin and transferrin of the bloodstream, and in myoglobin in muscle tissue. The main purpose of iron is to transfer oxygen within the body. To gain iron, humans must consume a diet that consist abundantly of iron such as leaf vegetables, fish, beans, etc. Absorption of iron is especially important because less than 15% of iron in daily diets are absorbed and used (Jacobs 1971). The formation of iron (II) occurs in the stomach because of its low†¦show more content†¦Because synthesis requires multiple steps to make a desired reaction, the yield is lower than other synthesis. On the first day, if the substances have a significant amount of precipitate, then the substance will require a greater number of drops of sodium hydroxide than substances with an insignificant amount of substrate. On the second day, if the starting reactants affect the yield of the product then obtaining solid copp er from a salt will result in a greater yield. If aluminum foil is the limiting reactant of the experiment, then the percent yield will increase as the amount of foil increases. Materials/Methods: Project A, Day 1 In Part 1, 50 milliliters of 5% sodium hydroxide solution was obtained and observed in a 100 mL beaker and 30 milliliters of pH 2 dissolved iron solution was also obtained and observed in a 50 mL beaker. To observe the behavior of dissolved iron with sodium hydroxide, 5 milliliters of pH 2 dissolved iron was transferred to a large test tube. Drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide were slowly added and monitored for physical changes. A glass stir rod was used to transfer a small amount of solution onto pH paper in between drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide until the solution had a pH of 8. In Part II, 5 milliliters of dissolved iron was placed in a large test tube. To test the effect of different additive substances on dissolved iron, .2 grams of methionine was added to

Shareholder Primacy Revisited

Question: Directors of companies have an obligation to act in the best interests of the company. Elaborate on how the courts approach this duty and explain whether the corporations law in Australia has made this duty onerous. Answer: A number of duties have been imposed on the directors of companies. These duties have been imposed by the common law at the same time, the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) also prescribes the statutory duties of directors. Among these duties is the duty to act bona fide, in the best interests of the company. In this way, the beauty requires that the directors should exercise their powers bona fide, for the benefit of the company. In this regard, the duty to act in good faith is different from the other duties that have been imposed on the directors. This duty allows a challenge to be made in the court regarding a particular decision that has been taken by the directors or regarding a transaction that has been entered into by the directors.[1] Therefore, a particular transaction can be set aside by the company if it can be established that there has been a breach of duty of good faith by the directors who have made such a decision, depending on the fact that the other party was aware of t he breach of this duty by the directors. However in this regard it needs to be noted that the purpose behind the introduction of the 'assumptions rule' mentioned in section 129(4) of the Corporations Act is to protect the outsiders from having the transactions revoked on the grounds of the failure of the directors. Therefore, this means that a transaction can be removed only if the assumptions that are available under section 129 have been displaced by knowledge or suspicion that the assumption is not correct. In this regard the general approach adopted by the courts in Australia is that the courts have been reluctant to become involved in the disputes that are related with the merits of a particular decision taken by the directors. In this way, the principal related with limited judicial intervention has been expressed in the narrowly cast grounds of judicial review related with the breach of duty of good faith by the directors and also in the procedural rules which restrict the standing of the directors and sue for the breach of duty or irregularities in the procedure adopted by the company and its governance.[2] There are certain elements that are associated with the duty of the directors to act in good faith. Therefore traditionally these require that the directors of the bona fide and for the benefit of the company as a whole. While it is applied to the directors, the inquiry is made regarding the motive, intention and the beliefs of the directors and also the fact is considered if the directors have made interests of the company as the main consideration behind the decision taken by them. On the other hand, the discretionary powers granted to the directors will be considered to be abused by them if these powers are used by the directors for the purpose of achieving a personal advantage or to confer a benefit on a third-party or to cause a loss to the company.[3] In this way, the modern duty to act in good faith has three distinct and independent duties that are also related with each other and applied to the directors when they are acting in the position as the directors of the company an d exercising their corporate powers. Each duty provides an independent ground for judicial review and an intervention by the court in the decisions taken by the directors. Therefore, there should be subjective good-faith, proper purpose and the need one part of the directors to consult and in accordance with the interests of the company. In this way, it is the duty of the directors select honestly and in the best interests of the company as these interests are perceived by the directors. It needs to be noted that in such cases the process of judicial review is restricted to the inquiry that is made regarding the subjective intention of each director. In this context, it is required that the directors should honestly believe that the action taken by them is in the best interests of the company but this fact alone does not validate the action taken by the directors. Therefore such a decision can be appreciated by the breach of other two elements mentioned above that are part of this duty, as each of these elements have an objective content. It is therefore require that the corporate powers should be exercised by the directors for the purpose for which these powers have been granted to the directors. As a result, a particular decision taken by the directives can be invalidated by the courts if it has been found that the motivating purpose behind the decision is one that is allowed by the court as the one those for which the particular powers of the directives can be legitimately exercised or if it is not for the benefit of the company as a whole. Therefore it is recorded this regard that the power should be exercised by the directors bona fide or in other words, for the purpose for which the powers granted to the directors and not arbitrarily or according to the absurd bill of the directors. Therefore the directors should exercise their power honestly and in the best interests of the shareholders of the corporation as a whole.[4] However the need for distinguishing between the requirement of good faith and proper purpose becomes very significant when the power in question can have more objective characterisation. It has been recognized by the courts in Australia that the strict fiduciary standard is not compatible with the realities of the office of the directors, particularly in case of the provide the companies they're generally the directors also have the shareholding interest in the corporation. As a result, the courts came up with a 'mixed purpose' doctrine so that the sickness of this requirement can be reduced. In this way, in Mills v Mills[5], it was stated by the court that if the actions of the directors are merely invalidated due to the presence of such an interest, it will be like setting an impossible standard and the directors will be required to live in unreal era of detached altruism. As a result, it was proposed that the test of validity that can be used in such a case is to see what was the moving cause behind the action taken by the directors? The third head of this duty is to consult and direct according to the interests of which have been identified by the law as interests of the company. The duty to consult the interests of the company represent the long-standing ground of judicial review that is not related with the subjective good-faith of individual directors and denies the role of derivative interpreters of the common interests to the directors. In this way, this legal issue is related with the questions of corporate purpose and the corporate social responsibility. Where the di rectors have been acting in context of the interests that are extraneous to the interests that have been recognized by the law as interests of the company, the action will not be saved by the honest belief of the directors that they were acting in the interests of the company. Under the circumstances, it can be said that the duty has become onerous as a result of the corporations law because the Corporations Act prescribes a civil penalty in case of the breach of this duty. Bibliography E Klein, J du Plessis, Corporate donations, the best interest of the company and the proper purpose doctrine (2005) 28 The University of New South Wales Law Journal 69 Jason Harris, Anil Hargovan, Janet Austin, Shareholder Primacy Revisited: Does the public interest have any role in statutory duty (2008) 26 Company and Securities Law Journal 355 Rosemary T. Langford, The distinction between the duty of care and the duties to act bona fide in the interests of the company and for proper purposes (2013) 41(6) Australian Business Law Review 337 Case law Australian Metro Life Assurance v Ure, Ngurli v McCann (1923) 33 CLR 199 Mills v Mills - [1938] HCA 4